Ūkių apskaitos duomenų tinklo naudojimas vertinant optimalų ūkininko ūkio dydį mikroekonomikos požiūriu

Benchmarking of the economic subjects—viz. enterprises, organizations, regions—usually involves assessment of the efficiency. Suchlike analyses are not only important in the private sector, but also in the public one for public agencies are usually funded by public funds and thus need to be effective. Indeed, the private (business) subjects are sometimes also operating under the environment requiring appropriate regulation based on benchmarking. This is the case for the agricultural sector which receives voluminous public support as direct payments and rural development measures. On the other hand, the efficiency of agricultural sector impacts the prices of agricultural products as well as factor markets. Therefore, it is important to measure the efficiency of agricultural sector as an outcome of the effectiveness of the agricultural policy. The scale efficiency constitutes one of the components of the gross technical efficiency. The latter measure is related to the farm size and farm structure in general. Furthermore, the optimal farm size is a key issue for the agricultural policy and thus is often influenced by the legal regulations. This paper aims at identifying the optimal scale size for Lithuanian family farms. The paper discusses the neoclassical methodology for analysis of the scale efficiency. The results indicate that the optimal farm size depends on the farming type. Nevertheless, the current maximum limit of land area (i. e. 500 ha) has not been exceeded by any farming type.Atliekant ekonominių subjektų (įmonių, įstaigų, regionų) veiklos analizę, dažnai vertinamas efektyvumas. Tokia analizė yra svarbi ne vien tik verslo sektoriuje, bet ir viešajame – viešieji subjektai paprastai yra finansuojami iš valstybės biudžeto, todėl yra svarbu užtikrinti jų veiksmingumą. Beje, dažnai ir privatieji (verslo) subjektai veikia tokioje aplinkoje, kurioje būtinas reguliavimas, pagrįstas lyginamąja analize. Vienas iš pavyzdžių – žemės ūkio sektorius. Šis sektorius yra remiamas (ir, iš dalies reguliuojamas) skiriant tiesiogines išmokas, vykdant kaimo plėtros programos priemones. Kita vertus, žemės ūkio produktų gamybos efektyvumas veikia jų kainas ir gamybos veiksnių (darbo, žemės, kapitalo) rinkas. Taigi žemės ūkio sektoriaus efektyvumo analizė gali būti svarbi vertinant žemės ūkio politikos priemonių veiksmingumą. Vienas iš bendrojo techninio efektyvumo elementų yra masto efektyvumas, susijęs su ūkio dydžiu (ūkių struktūra). Optimalus ūkio dydis yra svarbus agrarinės politikos klausimas, nes teisės aktai reguliuoja maksimalų įsigyjamos žemės kiekį. Šio straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti optimalų Lietuvos ūkininkų ūkių veiklos mastą. Straipsnyje aptariama masto efektyvumo vertinimo metodologija, remiamasi neoklasikine ekonomikos teorija

Assessing the efficiency of Lithuanian transport sector by applying the methods of multimoora and data envelopment analysis

This study focuses on evaluating Lithuanian transport sector throughout 1995–2009 by applying multi–criteria decision making method MULTIMOORA (Multi–Objective Optimization plus the Full Multiplicative Form) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). MULTIMOORA provided ranks that enabled to perform time series analysis, whereas DEA made possible to identify both technical and scale inefficiencies. Due to limited data availability, we analyzed the transport sector as a whole, i. e. it was not decomposed into that of land, air, railway or water. Although every production factor, including labour, capital and land is required for developing the transport sector, due to limited data availability, it is not possible to tackle them all when performing analysis. Consequently, one input, namely energy consumption in transport, was considered in the conducted analysis. On the other hand, two forms of transport – passenger and freight transport – were distinguished, and each of them was measured using composite indicators of passenger and tonne kilometres respectively. These two indices were considered as the outputs of transport sector activity. The final ranks provided by MULTIMOORA indicate that the transport sector was operating most effectively during 2004–2008, whereas it exhibited relative inefficiency throughout 1996–1998. The application of DEA suggests that the efficiency downturn of 1996–1998 might have been caused by technical inefficiency, whereas that of 2008–2009 was driven by scale inefficiency. Indeed, the technical modernization of the transport sector as well as the resolution of resource allocation problems might have lead to an increase in technical efficiency. Meanwhile, economic downturn prevents the transport system from working at full capacity; hence, scale efficiency is still observed

TESTING FOR COMPLETE PASS-THROUGH OF EX ASS-THROUGH OF EXCHANGE RA ANGE RATE WITHOUT TRADE BARRIERS

The objective of this paper is to test whether the complete pass-through of exchange rate exists when there are almost no transaction costs and in the environment of competitive market. In general, the literature claims that the pass-through of exchange rate is incomplete due to imperfect market, i.e. the presence of transaction costs and imperfect competition. The quasi-experimental case of the food import to Hong Kong from Mainland China is considered in the analysis. The results show that the pass-through of the exchange rate of Chinese RMB against to US dollar to Hong Kong\u27s food import price is complete in long-run equilibrium. Besides, the short-run adjustment significantly contributes to correcting the deviation from the long-run pass-through effect. Moreover, the complete pass-through still exists after accounting for the effects of asymmetry and volatility. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that the complete pass-through of exchange rate can exist in the real world

An integrated assessment of Lithuanian economic sectors based on financial ratios and fuzzy MCDM methods

The aim of this study was to offer a novel procedure for integrated assessment and comparison of Lithuanian economic sectors on the basis of financial ratios and fuzzy MCDM methods. The complex of interrelated issues regarding integrated assessment of economic sectors is discussed in the paper. The object of research is financial indicators of different Lithuanian economic sectors. The proposed procedure for multi-criteria comparison of economic sectors encompasses: 1) the indicator system, 2) application of fuzzy MCDM methods, and 3) inter-sectoral comparison based on ranks provided by fuzzy MCDM methods. The research covers period of 2007–2010, starting at the very beginning of the economic recession and, hopefully, ending with the upcoming recovery. The application of the three MCDM methods was successful. The results suggested the best performing sector being that of forestry and logging. Furthermore, enterprises operating in trade sector, hospitality sector, mining and quarrying sector, information sector, or manufacturing sector can be considered as working more efficiently than an average Lithuanian enterprise. At the other end of spectrum, construction, real estate, and transportation sectors were those severely damaged by the economic crisis: they were ranked below the average alternative. Meanwhile, relatively low positions of utilities sectors may be caused by their specifics. Finally, the transport sector can be considered as the typical victim of economic downturn

VIŠECILJNA OPTIMIZACIJA BLAGOSTANJA U ZEMLJAMA ČLANICAMA EU-ROPSKE UNIJE

Well-being is of crucial importance for both individual and society as a whole. It is therefore important to quantify performance and progress made by certain states, regions, communities, social groups, and individuals in improving their well–being. The aim of study was to offer a new framework for multi–criteria assessment as well as international comparison of objective well–being. Well–being is a multi–dimensional phenomenon; hence the appropriate indicator system should be capable to identify the most important underlying processes influencing well–being. For our research we have established the indicator system of twelve indicators identifying various dimensions of well–being. Therefore we propose MULTIMOORA, a model which can be used for approaching the objective of societal well–being. It is applied for international comparison of the well-being in the EU Member States. Consequently, it was revealed that Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Austria, France, Cy-prus, Finland, Germany, and Belgium have achieved the highest level of well–being as of 2009. At the other end of spectrum, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Lat-via, and Romania can be considered as those peculiar with relatively lowest well–being.Blagostanje je od ključnog značaja kako za pojedinca tako i za društvo u cjelini. Stoga je važno kvantificirati performanse i napredak određenih država, regija, zajednica, društvenih grupa i pojedinaca kako bi se unaprijedilo njihovo blagostanje. Cilj istraživanja je ponuditi novi okvir za višeciljnu procjenu kao i međunarodnu usporedbu objektivnog blagostanja. Blagostanje je višedimenzionalna pojava; stoga bi prikladni sustav indikatora trebao biti u mogućnosti identificirati najvažnije temeljne procese koji utječu na blagostanje. Za potrebe našeg istraživanja ustanovili smo indikatorski sustav od dvanaest indikatora koji identificiraju razne dimenzije blagostanja. Stoga predlažemo MULTIMOORA, model koji se može koristiti za približavanje cilju društvenog blagostan-ja. Primjenjuje se u svrhu međunarodne usporedbe blagostanja u zemljama članicama EU. Tako se otkrilo da su Irska, Nizozemska, Danska, Austrija, Francuska, Cipar, Finska, Njemačka i Belgija do-segle najviši stupanj blagostanja od 2009. Na drugom kraju spektra se nalaze Češka, Litva, Slovačka, Bugarska, Poljska, Mađarska, Estonija, Latvija i Rumunjska u kojima je blagostanje najniže

European Union member states preparing for Europe 2020. An application of the MULTIMOORA method

It is the intention of the European Union to create a growing and sustainable European economy by 2020, a much more moderate target than the 2010 target of becoming the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. This intention has to be supported by an adequate Optimization and Decision Support System. Therefore, MULTIMOORA is proposed. MULTIMOORA is a quantitative method, which compares multiple and optimum objectives, expressed in different units, as much as possible on a non-subjective basis. In opposition to similar methods MULTIMOORA does not need normalization, being based on dimensionless measures. Importance of an objective can eventually be given by the stakeholders concerned. MULTIMOORA is composed of three approaches: Ratio System, Reference Point and Multiplicative Form Methods, all of the same importance and each controlling each other. Twenty two objectives, 10 originating from statistics and 12 from statistics and forecasts, important for the future, characterize the 27 EU-Countries economies as a preparation for 2020. Which of these countries are the best prepared for 2020? A Dominance Theory, summarizing the three obtained ordinal numbers per country, ranks the 27 countries for that purpose

Pythagorean fuzzy combinative distance-based assessment with pure linguistic information and its application to financial strategies of multi-national companies

This article addresses the issue of selecting Financial Strategies in Multi-National companies (F.S.M.). The F.S.M. typically has to consider multiple factors involving multiple stakeholders and, hence, can be handled by applying an appropriate Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making (M.C.G.D.M.) approach. To address this issue, we develop an M.C.G.D.M. framework to tackle the F.S.M. problem. To handle inherent uncertainty in business decisions as reflected by linguistic reasoning, we embark on constructing a Linguistic Pythagorean Fuzzy (L.P.F.) M.C.G.D.M. framework that is capable of tackling both uncertain decision information and linguistic variables. The proposed approach extends the combinative distancebased assessment (C.O.D.A.S.) method into the L.P.F. environment, and processes decision input expressed as Pythagorean fuzzy sets (P.F.S.) and pure linguistic variables (rather than converting linguistic information into fuzzy numbers). The developed L.P.F.- C.O.D.A.S. technique aggregates the L.P.F. information and is applied to the F.S.M. problem with uncertain linguistic information. A comparative analysis is carried out to compare the results obtained from the proposed L.P.F.-C.O.D.A.S. approach with those from other extensions of C.O.D.A.S. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to check the impact of changes in a distance threshold parameter on the ranking results

A Review of Willingness to Pay Studies for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector

A wide range of climate change mitigation policies have been developed around the world and these policies have become one of the major concerns, however there is still debate among scientists about what are the main external benefits and how to account for them and prepare e ective climate change mitigation policies that might be widely accepted by society in general. One of the main ways to assess external benefit of climate change mitigation in energy sector is to conduct Willingness to Pay (WTP) assessments for climate change mitigation options by households. There are many studies on WTP assessment for climate stability conducted in recent years. The paper surveys the existing literature on WTP for climate change mitigation policy in the energy sector. The aim of the paper is to identify the common variables across a varied set of WTP studies in order to establish a basis for comparison. The key variables selected for analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation in energy sector addressed in the paper are: the WTP assessment methods; the main attributes used for comparing alternatives in WTP studies, targeted climate change mitigation policies in energy sector, mathematical model used to estimate WTP, the main socio-demographic factors having impact on WTP for climate change mitigation policies. The analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation is grouped in two areas: renewables and energy e ciency measures in households. The paper provides analytical structure for future studies to evaluate the e ects of variation in key comparative elements upon WTP

A Review of Willingness to Pay Studies for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector

A wide range of climate change mitigation policies have been developed around the world and these policies have become one of the major concerns, however there is still debate among scientists about what are the main external benefits and how to account for them and prepare e ective climate change mitigation policies that might be widely accepted by society in general. One of the main ways to assess external benefit of climate change mitigation in energy sector is to conduct Willingness to Pay (WTP) assessments for climate change mitigation options by households. There are many studies on WTP assessment for climate stability conducted in recent years. The paper surveys the existing literature on WTP for climate change mitigation policy in the energy sector. The aim of the paper is to identify the common variables across a varied set of WTP studies in order to establish a basis for comparison. The key variables selected for analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation in energy sector addressed in the paper are: the WTP assessment methods; the main attributes used for comparing alternatives in WTP studies, targeted climate change mitigation policies in energy sector, mathematical model used to estimate WTP, the main socio-demographic factors having impact on WTP for climate change mitigation policies. The analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation is grouped in two areas: renewables and energy e ciency measures in households. The paper provides analytical structure for future studies to evaluate the e ects of variation in key comparative elements upon WTP

Wyzwania dla poprawy resilencji w rolnictwie w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju i rozwoju obszarów wiejskich

Research on economic resilience in agriculture is quite complicated due to the interdisciplinary nature of the notion. In agricultural, climate change, sustainability and food security research it appears as an endogenous phenomenon rather as the main one. This study aims to contribute to conceptualization of economic resilience in agriculture, revealing current and identifying future research directions. Bibliometric analysis supplemented with a literature overview serve this purpose. Results confirm the ambiguity and immaturity of economic resilience concept and its secondary position within overall agricultural resilience research framework.Badania resilencji ekonomicznej w rolnictwie są dość skomplikowane ze względu na interdyscyplinarny charakter tego pojęcia. W badaniach dotyczących rolnictwa, zmian klimatycznych, zrównoważonego rozwoju i bezpieczeństwa żywności wydaje się, że jest to zjawisko endogeniczne, a nie główne. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przyczynienie się do konceptualizacji resilencji ekonomicznej w rolnictwie, wskazując na obecne i identyfikując przyszłe kierunki badawcze. Służy temu analiza bibliometryczna uzupełniona przeglądem literatury. Wyniki potwierdzają niejednoznaczność i niedojrzałość koncepcji resilencji ekonomicznej oraz jej drugorzędną pozycję w ogólnych ramach badań resilencji rolnictwa